es ist Tradition

m; -(e)s, Bräuche; (Sitte) custom, tradition; (Usus) practice; alter oder herkömmlicher Brauch tradition; allgemeiner Brauch general practice; einen Brauch pflegen keep up (a) tradition; einen Brauch wieder aufleben lassen revive an old custom ( oder tradition); es ist hier der Brauch (, dass die Männer...) it’s the custom ( oder it’s customary) around here (for the men to...); es ist bei uns so Brauch that’s the way we’ve always done it, that’s our custom; so wie es der Brauch will as custom has it; (etw.) nach altem Brauch ( tun) (do s.th.) according to tradition ( oder custom), (do s.th.) the traditional way; es kommt außer Brauch it’s falling into disuse; weitS. people don’t do it (so much) any more

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institution; practice; mores; fashion; convention; wont; observance; custom

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m -(e)s, Bräuche

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[braux, pl ˈbrɔyçə]

m custom, tradition

so will es der \Brauch that's the custom [or tradition]

nach altem \Brauch according to custom [or tradition]

[bei jdm so] \Brauch sein to be customary [or tradition[al]] [or the custom] [with sb]

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Brauch m; -(e)s, Bräuche; (Sitte) custom, tradition; (Usus) practice;

alter oder

herkömmlicher Brauch tradition;

allgemeiner Brauch general practice;

einen Brauch pflegen keep up (a) tradition;

einen Brauch wieder aufleben lassen revive an old custom ( oder tradition);

es ist hier der Brauch (, dass die Männer …) it’s the custom ( oder it’s customary) around here (for the men to …);

es ist bei uns so Brauch that’s the way we’ve always done it, that’s our custom;

so wie es der Brauch will as custom has it;

(etwas) nach altem Brauch (tun) (do sth) according to tradition ( oder custom), (do sth) the traditional way;

es kommt außer Brauch it’s falling into disuse; weitS. people don’t do it (so much) any more

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custom n.

rite n.

f; -, -n

1. (Brauch) custom; Sitten und Gebräuche customs and traditions; es ist Sitte, dass der Ehemann... it is the custom for the husband to (+ Inf.) das ist bei uns nicht Sitte we don’t do that around here ( oder in these parts); die Sitte verlangt, dass... tradition demands that...

2. meist Pl. (Ethik, Moral) gegen die ( guten) Sitten verstoßen offend against common decency; das verstößt gegen alle Sitten that goes against all etiquette ( oder public decency); hier herrschen strenge Sitten there is a strict ethical ( oder moral) code here; lockere Sitten loose morals

3. Pl. (Umgangsformen) manners; dort herrschen raue Sitten umg. their behavio(u)r is pretty uncivilized, they’re a rough lot (Am. bunch); was sind denn das für Sitten? umg. what kind of behavio(u)r is that?, what a way to behave! das sind ja ganz neue Sitten! umg. they’ve got some strange new ideas of how to behave; Land

4. umg. (Sittenpolizei) vice squad

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convention; custom; tradition; practice; institution; mores; fashion

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f -, -n

1) (= Brauch) custom; (= Mode) practice

2) usu pl (= gutes Benehmen) manners pl; (= Sittlichkeit) morals pl

3) (sl = Sittenpolizei) vice squad

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1. (Gepflogenheit) custom

[bei jdm] [so] \Sitte sein to be the custom [for sb]

es ist bei uns \Sitte,... (geh) it is our custom [or it is customary with us]...

nach alter \Sitte traditionally

2. meist pl (Manieren) manners npl

was sind denn das für \Sitten? (veraltend) what sort of a way is that to behave?

gute \Sitten good manners

das sind ja schöne \Sitten (iron) that's a nice way to behave iron; (moralische Normen) moral standards pl

3. JUR

▪ \Sitten customs

ein Verstoß gegen die guten \Sitten sein to be contra bonos mores, to offend against common decency

4. (sl: Sittendezernat)

▪ die \Sitte the vice squad

▶ andere Länder, andere \Sitten other countries, other customs

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1) (Brauch) custom; tradition

2) (moralische Norm) common decency

3) Plural (Benehmen) manners

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Sitte f; -, -n

1. (Brauch) custom;

Sitten und Gebräuche customs and traditions;

es ist Sitte, dass der Ehemann … it is the custom for the husband to (+inf)

das ist bei uns nicht Sitte we don’t do that around here ( oder in these parts);

die Sitte verlangt, dass tradition demands that

2. meist pl (Ethik, Moral)

gegen die (guten) Sitten verstoßen offend against common decency;

das verstößt gegen alle Sitten that goes against all etiquette ( oder public decency);

hier herrschen strenge Sitten there is a strict ethical ( oder moral) code here;

lockere Sitten loose morals

3. pl (Umgangsformen) manners;

dort herrschen raue Sitten umg their behavio(u)r is pretty uncivilized, they’re a rough lot (US bunch);

was sind denn das für Sitten? umg what kind of behavio(u)r is that?, what a way to behave!

das sind ja ganz neue Sitten! umg they’ve got some strange new ideas of how to behave; → Land

4. umg (Sittenpolizei) vice squad

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1) (Brauch) custom; tradition

2) (moralische Norm) common decency

3) Plural (Benehmen) manners

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custom n.

v/t (untr., hat) der Nachwelt: hand down (+ Dat to), pass on (to); aus dieser Zeit ist nichts überliefert no records of ( oder from) this period have survived; es ist ( schriftlich) überliefert there are (written) records testifying to it; es ist überliefert, dass dokumentarisch: records indicate that; durch Sagen etc.: tradition has it that

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to consign; to pass down

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vt insep

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▪ jdm etw \überliefern to hand down sth sep to sb

▪ überliefert sein/werden to have come down/to be being handed down

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transitives Verb hand down

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überliefern v/t (untrennb, hat) der Nachwelt: hand down (+dat to), pass on (to);

aus dieser Zeit ist nichts überliefert no records of ( oder from) this period have survived;

es ist (schriftlich) überliefert there are (written) records testifying to it;

es ist überliefert, dass dokumentarisch: records indicate that; durch Sagen etc: tradition has it that

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transitives Verb hand down

Adj.

1. KIRCHL. holy; (geheiligt, geweiht) sacred, hallowed; vor Eigennamen: Saint (Abk. St, St.); heilig sprechen canonize; der heilige Antonius St ( oder St.) Anthony; der Heilige Abend Christmas Eve; der Heilige Geist / Stuhl / Vater the Holy Spirit ( oder Ghost)/ See / Father; das Heilige Grab / Land the Holy Sepulch|re (Am. -er)/ Land; die Heilige Jungfrau the Blessed Virgin; Heilige Maria Holy Mary; die Heilige Schrift the Bible, the Holy Scriptures Pl.; die Heiligen Drei Könige the Three Kings, the Three Wise Men; das Heilige Römische Reich HIST. the Holy Roman Empire

2. (fromm) altm. pious, devout; heilig tun umg., pej. act the saint

3. geh. (unantastbar) sacred, inviolable, sacrosanct; (ehrwürdig) venerable; (feierlich) solemn; heilige Kuh auch iro. sacred cow; jemandes heilige Pflicht s.o.’s sacred duty; das ist mein heiliger Ernst I’m in deadly earnest; ihn erfasste ein heiliger Zorn he was seized with righteous anger; ihm ist nichts heilig nothing is sacred to him; schwören bei allem, was ( einem) heilig ist swear by all that is holy; den Sonntag heilig halten keep the Sabbath holy, observe the Sabbath

4. umg. (groß) Angst, Respekt: tremendous; seine heilige Not haben mit have terrible trouble with

5. umg. in Ausrufen: heiliger Bimbam oder Strohsack etc.! holy smoke!, ye gods!

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holy; saintly; sacred

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1) holy; (= geweiht, geheiligt) sacred, holy; (bei Namen von Heiligen) Saint; (old = fromm) devout, saintly; (pej) holier-than-thou

2) (fig = ernst) Eid, Pflicht sacred, solemn; Recht sacred; Eifer, Zorn righteous; (von Ehrfurcht erfüllt) Stille, Schauer awed; (= unantastbar) Würde, Gefühl, Gewohnheit sacred

3) (inf = groß) incredible (inf); Respekt healthy, incredible (inf)

4)

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1) (holy: the Blessed Virgin.) blessed

2) ((worthy of worship or respect because) associated with God, Jesus, a saint etc; sacred: the Holy Bible; holy ground.) holy

3) (good; pure; following the rules of religion: a holy life.) holy

4) (of God or a god; (that must be respected because) connected with religion or with God or a god: Temples, mosques, churches and synagogues are all sacred buildings.) sacred

5) ((of a duty etc) which must be done etc eg because of respect for someone: He considered it a sacred duty to fulfil his dead father's wishes.) sacred

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1. REL (geweiht) holy

die \heilige katholische Kirche the Holy Catholic Church

die \heilige Kommunion Holy Communion

▪ jdm ist etw \heilig sth is sacred to sb

▪ jdm ist nichts \heilig nothing is sacred to sb

bei allem, was jdm \heilig ist by all that is sacred to sb

2. (bei Namen von Heiligen) saint

der \heilige Matthäus/die \heilige Katharina Saint Matthew/Saint Catherine

die H\heilige Jungfrau the Blessed Virgin

3. (ehrfürchtig) awed

4. (fam: groß) incredible

ein \heiliger Zorn incredible anger

ein \heiliger Respekt healthy respect

▶ etw ist jds \heilige Pflicht

es ist deine \heilige Pflicht, dich um deine alten Eltern zu kümmern it's your solemn duty to look after your old parents

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1) holy

2) (besonders geweiht) holy; sacred

3) (geh.): (unantastbar) sacred <right, tradition, cause, etc.>; sacred, solemn < duty>; gospel < truth>; solemn <conviction, oath>; righteous < anger, zeal>; awed < silence>

4) (ugs.): (groß) incredible (coll.); healthy < respect>

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heilig adj

1. KIRCHE holy; (geheiligt, geweiht) sacred, hallowed; vor Eigennamen: Saint (abk St, St.);

der heilige Antonius St ( oder St.) Anthony;

der Heilige Abend Christmas Eve;

der Heilige Geist/Stuhl/Vater the Holy Spirit ( oder Ghost)/See/Father;

das Heilige Grab/Land the Holy Sepulchre (US -er)/Land;

die Heilige Jungfrau the Blessed Virgin;

Heilige Maria Holy Mary;

die Heilige Schrift the Bible, the Holy Scriptures pl;

die Heiligen Drei Könige the Three Kings, the Three Wise Men;

das Heilige Römische Reich HIST the Holy Roman Empire

2. (fromm) obs pious, devout;

heilig tun umg, pej act the saint

3. geh (unantastbar) sacred, inviolable, sacrosanct; (ehrwürdig) venerable; (feierlich) solemn;

heilige Kuh auch iron sacred cow;

jemandes heilige Pflicht sb’s sacred duty;

das ist mein heiliger Ernst I’m in deadly earnest;

ihn erfasste ein heiliger Zorn he was seized with righteous anger;

ihm ist nichts heilig nothing is sacred to him;

schwören bei allem, was (einem) heilig ist swear by all that is holy

4. umg (groß) Angst, Respekt: tremendous;

seine heilige Not haben mit have terrible trouble with

5. umg in Ausrufen:

heiliger Bimbam oder

Strohsack etc! holy smoke!, ye gods!

hl. abk (heilig) St.

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1) holy

2) (besonders geweiht) holy; sacred

3) (geh.): (unantastbar) sacred <right, tradition, cause, etc.>; sacred, solemn < duty>; gospel < truth>; solemn <conviction, oath>; righteous <anger, zeal>; awed < silence>

4) (ugs.): (groß) incredible (coll.); healthy < respect>

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holy adj.

sacred adj.

saintly adj. adv.

sacredly adv.

to burst; to infringe; to rupture; to refract; to fracture; to break; to quarry;

(Wellen) to break

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1. vt

1) (= zerbrechen, herausbrechen) to break; Schiefer, Stein, Marmor to cut; Widerstand to overcome, to break; Licht to refract; (geh = pflücken) Blumen to pluck, to pick

2) (= erbrechen) to vomit (up), to throw up

2. vi

1) aux sein to break

2)

3) (= sich erbrechen) to be sick, to throw up

3. vr

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1) (to divide into two or more parts (by force).) break

2) (to go against, or not act according to (the law etc): He broke his appointment at the last minute.) break

3) (to do better than (a sporting etc record).) break

4) (to put an end to: He broke the silence.) break

5) ((of a boy's voice) to fall in pitch.) break

6) (to soften the effect of (a fall, the force of the wind etc).) break

7) (to break: The metal pipes (were) fractured.) fracture

8) (to break or tear.) rupture

9) (to cut or (cause to) break: A piece of the steel girder sheared off.) shear

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I. vt Hilfsverb: haben

1. (zerbrechen)

▪ etw \brechen to break sth

2. (abbrechen)

▪ etw von etw dat \brechen to break sth off sth

Zweige von den Bäumen \brechen to break twigs off trees

3. (spaltend abbrechen)

Schiefer/Stein/Marmor \brechen to cut slate/stone/marble; (im Steinbruch) to quarry slate/stone/marble

4. (nicht (mehr) einhalten)

eine Abmachung/einen Vertrag \brechen to break [or violate] an agreement/a contract

seinen Eid \brechen to violate one's oath

sein Schweigen \brechen to break one's silence

jdm die Treue \brechen to break trust with sb

5. (übertreffen)

einen Rekord \brechen to break a record

6. (niederkämpfen)

▪ etw [durch etw akk] \brechen to overcome sth [with sth]

▪ jdn/etw [durch etw akk] \brechen to break sb/sth down [with sth]

7. (geh: pflücken)

▪ etw \brechen to pick [or liter pluck] sth

8. (ablenken)

▪ etw \brechen to refract sth

einen Lichtstrahl \brechen to refract a ray of light; (abprallen lassen) to break the force of sth

die Brandung wurde von den Buhnen gebrochen the groynes broke the force of the surf

9. (verletzen)

sich dat den Arm/einen Knochen \brechen to break one's arm/a bone

jdm den Arm \brechen to break sb's arm

10. (erbrechen)

▪ etw \brechen to vomit sth

11. BAU

▪ etw \brechen Kante to chamfer sth

II. vi

1. Hilfsverb: sein (auseinander) to break [apart]

zum B\brechen [o \brechend] voll sein (fam) to be jam-packed fam; s.a. Herz

2. Hilfsverb: haben (Verbindung beenden)

▪ mit jdm/etw \brechen to break with sb/sth

eine Tradition \brechen to break with [or away from] a tradition

3. (sich erbrechen) to be sick, to throw up

III. vr Hilfsverb: haben (abgelenkt werden)

▪ sich akk [an etw dat] \brechen to break [against sth]; PHYS to be refracted [at sth]; (von Ruf, Schall) to rebound [off sth]

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1) break

2) (abbauen) cut <marble, slate, etc.>

3) (ablenken) break the force of < waves>; refract < light>

4) (bezwingen) overcome < resistance>; break <will, silence, record, blockade, etc.>

5) (nicht einhalten) break < agreement, contract, promise, the law, etc.>

6) (ugs.): (erbrechen) bring up

1) mit sein break

2)

3) mit sein

4) (ugs.): (sich erbrechen) throw up

unregelmäßiges reflexives Verb <waves etc.> break; <rays etc.> be refracted

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brechen; bricht, brach, hat bzw ist gebrochen

A. v/t (hat)

1. (Stock, Stange etc) break;

sich (dat)

/jemandem den Arm etc

brechen break one’s/sb’s arm etc;

Blumen brechen poet pluck flowers; → Genick, Hals, Knie, Lanze, Stab, Zaun etc

2. fig (überwinden, beenden etc) (Bann, Rekord, Schweigen, Stolz, Willen etc) break;

jemandem das oder

jemandes Herz brechen break sb’s heart;

jemandes Trotz brechen break sb’s defiance;

jemandes Widerstand/jemanden brechen break sb’s resistance/break sb (down); → Bahn, Blockade, Eis¹

3. fig (missachten) (Eid, Gesetz, Schwur, Streik, Vertrag, Waffenstillstand) break, violate;

Ehe brechen commit adultery, be unfaithful;

das Fasten brechen REL break fast;

jemandem die Treue brechen be unfaithful to sb;

ein Versprechen brechen break a promise;

sein Wort brechen break one’s word;

Bundesrecht bricht Landesrecht JUR, POL etwa: federal law is superior to ( oder overrides) regional law

4. im Steinbruch: quarry

5. OPT, PHYS (Lichtstrahl, Schallwelle) refract, rebound; (Farben) refract;

das Wasser bricht das Licht the water makes the light refract

6. (erbrechen) (Blut, Galle) vomit, be sick, bring up

7. (falten, falzen) (Serviette, Bogen Papier) fold

8. AGR (Flachs, Hanf) break

B. v/i

1. (ist) break; Ast, Stock: snap; Arm, Bein, Knochen: break; Leder: crack (at the folds), rub; Seide: rub out in the folds, split, wear;

zum Brechen voll umg → brechend C

2. (ist) fig Stimme: break; Widerstand etc: break down; beim Sterben:

ihre Augen brachen liter she passed away;

jemandem bricht das Herz (bei etwas) sb’s heart is breaking (at the sight of s.th);

es bricht mir das Herz, aber … iron I’m sorry to have to tell you

3. (ist):

brechen aus etwas (hervorkommen) burst out of sth; Tränen: pour from sth;

brechen durch Eis, Mauer etc: break ( stärker: crash) through;

in die Knie brechen give up;

die Sonne brach durch die Wolken the sun broke through the clouds;

der Räuber brach aus dem Gebüsch the robber ( oder thief) came out from the bushes

4. (hat) umg (sich übergeben) be sick, vomit, puke umg, vom umg, hurl umg;

ich muss brechen I have to be sick, I’m going to puke umg

5.

mit jemandem/etwas brechen break with sb/sth,

mit einer Gewohnheit brechen break with tradition;

mit der Vergangenheit brechen break with the past;

mit seiner Familie völlig brechen break (off) contact with one’s family

C. v/r (hat)

1. Wellen:

sich brechen an (+dat) break on ( oder against); stärker: crash against

2. OPT, PHYS, Licht etc: refract;

das Licht bricht sich im Wasser (the) light refracts in water;

das Echo bricht sich an der Felswand the echo rebounds from the cliff; → gebrochen

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1) break

2) (abbauen) cut <marble, slate, etc.>

3) (ablenken) break the force of < waves>; refract < light>

4) (bezwingen) overcome < resistance>; break <will, silence, record, blockade, etc.>

5) (nicht einhalten) break <agreement, contract, promise, the law, etc.>

6) (ugs.): (erbrechen) bring up

1) mit sein break

2)

3) mit sein

4) (ugs.): (sich erbrechen) throw up

unregelmäßiges reflexives Verb <waves etc.> break; <rays etc.> be refracted

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to break down (resistance) v. v.

= to burst v.

to crack v.

m; -(e)s, Brüche

1. (das Brechen) breaking; (gebrochene Stelle) break, fracture, rupture; im Eis etc.: crack, split; eines Damms: breach, rupture; TECH. break, fracture; fig. einer Verbindung: breakingo--off ( Gen of), rupture (in); (Stilbruch) inconsistency (of style); Bruch mit der Vergangenheit (clean) break with the past; zu Bruch oder in die Brüche gehen break, be broken, go to pieces; (Auto etc.) zu Bruch fahren umg. smash (up); eine Ehe / Freundschaft etc. ist in die Brüche gegangen umg., fig. a marriage / friendship etc. broke up; es kam zum Bruch zwischen ihnen / beiden Ländern they broke up / the two countries broke off relations

a) (Knochenbruch) fracture, break; ein glatter / offener Bruch a clean break / an open ( oder compound) fracture; einen Bruch einrichten / schienen set / splint a break ( oder a broken arm oder leg etc.);

b) (Leistenbruch etc.) rupture, hernia; eingeklemmter Bruch strangulated hernia; sich (Dat) einen Bruch heben give o.s. a hernia

3. (Zerbrochenes) debris, breakage; (Trümmer) wreckage; (Schrott) scrap; Schokolade etc.: broken pieces; Steine: rubble

4. fig. eines Versprechens, des Friedens etc.: breach; eines Gesetzes etc.: violation; infringement

5. MATH. fraction; gemeine Brüche vulgar fractions; ein echter / unechter Bruch a proper / improper ( oder top-heavy) fraction; gleichnamige Brüche fractions with a common denominator; einen Bruch erweitern / kürzen increase a fraction / cancel (down) a fraction

6. GEOL. fault; tektonischer Bruch tectonic fracture; frischer Bruch fresh cleavage; wiederbelebter Bruch recurrent ( oder revived) faulting

7. (Steinbruch) quarry

8. FLUG. umg. (Bruchlandung) crash; Bruch machen crash(-land)

9. Sl. (Einbruch) break-in allg.; einen Bruch machen do a break-in

10. (scharfe Falte) fold, crease

—

m und n; -(e)s, Brüche oder Dial. Brücher; (Moor) marsh, marshy ground, bog, mire

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(Brechen) breaking;

(Defekt) break; fracture;

(Knochenbruch) fracture;

(Leistenbruch) rupture; hernia;

(Mathematik) fraction;

(Trümmer) breakage;

(Wortbruch) breach; violation

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m -(e)s, ordm;e

1) (= Bruchstelle) break; (in Porzellan etc) crack; (in Damm) breach; (= das Brechen) breaking; (von Fels) breaking off; (von Damm) breaching

2) (fig) (von Vertrag, Eid etc) breaking; (von Gesetz, Abkommen) violation, infringement, breaking; (mit Vergangenheit, Partei, in einer Entwicklung) break; (des Vertrauens) breach; (von Freundschaft) break-up; (von Verlöbnis) breaking off; (im Stil) discontinuity, break

3) (= zerbrochene Ware) broken biscuits/chocolate etc; (= Porzellan) breakage

4) (MED) (= Knochenbruch) fracture, break; (= Eingeweidebruch) hernia, rupture

5) (= Steinbruch) quarry

6) (GEOL) fault

7) (= Knick) fold

8) (MATH) fraction

9) (sl = Einbruch) break-in

m or nt -(e)s, ordm;e

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1) (a breaking (of a promise etc).) breach

2) (a part; not a whole number eg 1/4, 3/8, 7/6 etc.) fraction

3) (a break of anything hard, especially a bone: a fracture of the left thigh-bone.) fracture

4) (a tearing or breaking.) rupture

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[brʊx, pl ˈbry:çə]

1. (das Brechen)

die Kutsche blieb wegen des \Bruchs einer Achse liegen the coach stopped because of a broken axle; (in Damm, Staudamm) breach

2. (das Brechen) violation, infringement

\Bruch eines Eides violation of an [or breach of] oath

\Bruch des Gesetzes violation [or breach] of the law

\Bruch eines Vertrags infringement [or violation] of a contract, breach of contract

\Bruch des Vertrauens breach of trust

3. (von Beziehung, Partnern) rift

es kam zum \Bruch zwischen ihnen a rift developed between them

\Bruch mit Tradition/der Vergangenheit break with tradition/the past

in die Brüche gehen to break up, to go to pieces

unsere Freundschaft ging in die Brüche our friendship went to pot fam

4. MED (Knochenbruch) fracture

ein komplizierter \Bruch a compound fracture; (Eingeweidebruch) hernia, rupture

ein eingeklemmter \Bruch an incarcerated [or strangulated] hernia spec

einen \Bruch haben to have [got] a hernia, to have ruptured oneself

sich dat einen \Bruch heben to give oneself a hernia, to rupture oneself

5. MATH fraction

6. (zerbrochene Ware) breakage

zu \Bruch gehen to get broken

7. (sl: Einbruch) break-in

der Ganove wurde beim \Bruch gefasst the crook was caught breaking in

einen \Bruch machen (sl) to do a break-in, AM a. to bust a joint sl

8. TYPO (Falz) fold

[brʊx, pl ˈbry:çə]

m o nt bog, marsh

* * *

1) (auch fig.) break; (eines Versprechens) breaking

2) (Bruchstelle) break

3) (Med.): (KnochenBruch) fracture; break

4) (Med.): (EingeweideBruch) hernia; rupture

5) (Math.) fraction

6) (Kaufmannsspr.): (beschädigte Ware)

* * *

Bruch¹ m; -(e)s, Brüche

1. (das Brechen) breaking; (gebrochene Stelle) break, fracture, rupture; im Eis etc: crack, split; eines Damms: breach, rupture; TECH break, fracture; fig einer Verbindung: breaking-off (gen of), rupture (in); (Stilbruch) inconsistency (of style);

Bruch mit der Vergangenheit (clean) break with the past;

zu Bruch oder

in die Brüche gehen break, be broken, go to pieces;

(Auto etc)

zu Bruch fahren umg smash (up);

eine Ehe/Freundschaft etc

ist in die Brüche gegangen umg, fig a marriage/friendship etc broke up;

es kam zum Bruch zwischen ihnen/beiden Ländern they broke up/the two countries broke off relations

2. MED (Knochenbruch) fracture, break;

ein glatter/offener Bruch a clean break/an open ( oder compound) fracture;

einen Bruch einrichten/schienen set/splint a break ( oder a broken arm oder leg etc); (Leistenbruch etc) rupture, hernia;

eingeklemmter Bruch strangulated hernia;

sich (dat)

einen Bruch heben give o.s. a hernia

3. (Zerbrochenes) debris, breakage; (Trümmer) wreckage; (Schrott) scrap; Schokolade etc: broken pieces; Steine: rubble

4. fig eines Versprechens, des Friedens etc: breach; eines Gesetzes etc: violation; infringement

5. MATH fraction;

gemeine Brüche vulgar fractions;

ein echter/unechter Bruch a proper/improper ( oder top-heavy) fraction;

gleichnamige Brüche fractions with a common denominator;

einen Bruch erweitern/kürzen increase a fraction/cancel (down) a fraction

6. GEOL fault;

tektonischer Bruch tectonic fracture;

frischer Bruch fresh cleavage;

wiederbelebter Bruch recurrent ( oder revived) faulting

7. (Steinbruch) quarry

8. FLUG umg (Bruchlandung) crash;

Bruch machen crash(-land)

9. sl (Einbruch) break-in allg;

einen Bruch machen do a break-in

10. (scharfe Falte) fold, crease

Bruch² m/n; -(e)s, Brüche oder dial Brücher; (Moor) marsh, marshy ground, bog, mire

* * *

1) (auch fig.) break; (eines Versprechens) breaking

2) (Bruchstelle) break

3) (Med.): (KnochenBruch) fracture; break

4) (Med.): (EingeweideBruch) hernia; rupture

5) (Math.) fraction

6) (Kaufmannsspr.): (beschädigte Ware)

* * *

break n.

breaking n.

burst n.

fraction n.

fracture n.

rupture n.

v/i (unreg., trennb., ist -ge-)

1. come (here); (sich nähern) approach; komm mal her ( zu mir)! come (over) here (to me)

2. herkommen von auch fig. come from; wo kommt er her? where does he come from?; ich weiß nicht, wo der Fleck / meine Unruhe herkommt I don’t know what caused the stain / why I feel uneasy, I don’t know where the stain / my uneasiness came from

* * *

to come; to originate

* * *

vi sep irreg aux sein

* * *

1. (herbeikommen) to come here

kannst du mal \herkommen? can you come here a minute?

von wo kommst du denn so spät noch her? where have you come from at [or been until] this late hour?

2. (herstammen)

▪ von irgendwo \herkommen to come from somewhere

3. (hergenommen werden können)

▪ irgendwo \herkommen to come from somewhere

ich weiß beim besten Willen nicht, wo das Ersatzteil so schnell \herkommen soll I honestly don't know where I'm going to get my hands on the spare part so quickly

* * *

unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb; mit sein

1) come here

2) (stammen) come

1) (Brauch, Sitte) tradition

2) s. Herkunft 1)

* * *

herkommen v/i (irr, trennb, ist -ge-)

1. come (here); (sich nähern) approach;

komm mal her (zu mir)! come (over) here (to me)

2.

herkommen von auch fig come from;

wo kommt er her? where does he come from?;

ich weiß nicht, wo der Fleck/meine Unruhe herkommt I don’t know what caused the stain/why I feel uneasy, I don’t know where the stain/my uneasiness came from

* * *

unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb; mit sein

1) come here

2) (stammen) come

1) (Brauch, Sitte) tradition

2) s. Herkunft 1)

* * *

to come from v.

to come here expr.

I Adj. Aussage etc.: verbal; Prüfung: oral; mündliche Überlieferung oral tradition; mündlicher Vertrag verbal agreement

II Adv. orally, verbally; etw. mündlich weitergeben pass s.th. on by word of mouth; alles Weitere mündlich I’ll tell you the rest when I see you

* * *

oral (Adj.); vocal (Adj.); verbal (Adj.)

* * *

1. adj

2. adv

* * *

1) (spoken, not written: an oral examination.) oral

2) (consisting of, or concerning, spoken words: a verbal warning/agreement.) verbal

3) (in or by speech, not writing: I replied to the invitation verbally.) verbally

4) (by one person telling another in speech, not in writing: She got the information by word of mouth.) by word of mouth

* * *

I. adj oral

eine \mündliche Prüfung an oral examination

eine \mündliche Abmachung/Übereinkunft/Vereinbarung a verbal agreement

eine \mündliche Besprechung a public meeting

diese Tradition ist durch \mündliche Überlieferung auf uns übergegangen this tradition has been passed [down [or on]] to us by word of mouth

▪ das M\mündliche (fam) the oral fam, the oral examination

eine \mündliche Verhandlung JUR a[n oral] hearing [or trial], oral proceedings pl

II. adv orally

etw \mündlich abmachen/vereinbaren to agree [to] sth verbally

\mündlich besprechen to discuss something in a meeting

viele alte Volkslieder sind uns nur \mündlich überliefert worden many old folk songs have only been passed [down [or on]] to us by word of mouth

bitte informieren Sie mich \mündlich, wenn sich etwas ändern sollte please let me know if anything should [or were to] change

der Fall wird \mündlich verhandelt the case will [now] be heard

* * *

Adjektiv oral

adverbial orally; < agree> verbally

* * *

A. adj Aussage etc: verbal; Prüfung: oral;

mündliche Überlieferung oral tradition;

mündlicher Vertrag verbal agreement

B. adv orally, verbally;

etwas mündlich weitergeben pass sth on by word of mouth;

alles Weitere mündlich I’ll tell you the rest when I see you

* * *

Adjektiv oral

adverbial orally; < agree> verbally

* * *

oral adj.

verbal adj. adv.

orally adv.

vocally adv.

f common touch; sie demonstrieren mehr Volksnähe they show more of a common touch; Tradition und Volksnähe tradition and a common touch

* * *

* * *

f approachability

* * *

Volksnähe f common touch;

sie demonstrieren mehr Volksnähe they show more of a common touch;

Tradition und Volksnähe tradition and a common touch

II Adj. Ausdruck, Ausbildung: nautical; Erfahrung: as a seaman; seemännischer Gang etc.: sailor’s walk etc.

II Adv.: seemännisch erfahren sein have experience as a seaman, be an experienced seaman

* * *

seamanlike; naval; seamanly

* * *

1. adj

2. adv

* * *

adj nautical

\seemännische Tradition seafaring tradition

* * *

Adjektiv nautical

* * *

B. adj Ausdruck, Ausbildung: nautical; Erfahrung: as a seaman;

seemännischer Gang etc: sailor’s walk etc

B. adv:

seemännisch erfahren sein have experience as a seaman, be an experienced seaman

* * *

Adjektiv nautical

* * *

seamanlike adj.

bricht, brach, hat bzw. ist gebrochen

1. (Stock, Stange etc.) break; sich (Dat)/ jemandem den Arm etc. brechen break one’s / s.o.’s arm etc.; Blumen brechen poet. pluck flowers; Genick, Hals, Knie, Lanze, Stab, Zaun etc.

2. fig. (überwinden, beenden etc.) (Bann, Rekord, Schweigen, Stolz, Willen etc.) break; jemandem das oder jemandes Herz brechen break s.o.’s heart; jemandes Trotz brechen break s.o.’s defiance; jemandes Widerstand / jemanden brechen break s.o.’s resistance / break s.o. (down); Bahn, Blockade, Eis1 1

3. fig. (missachten) (Eid, Gesetz, Schwur, Streik, Vertrag, Waffenstillstand) break, violate; Ehe brechen commit adultery, be unfaithful; das Fasten brechen RELI. break fast; jemandem die Treue brechen be unfaithful to s.o.; ein Versprechen brechen break a promise; sein Wort brechen break one’s word; Bundesrecht bricht Landesrecht JUR., POL. etwa: federal law is superior to ( oder overrides) regional law

4. im Steinbruch: quarry

5. OPT., PHYS. (Lichtstrahl, Schallwelle) refract, rebound; (Farben) refract; das Wasser bricht das Licht the water makes the light refract

6. (erbrechen) (Blut, Galle) vomit, be sick, bring up

7. (falten, falzen) (Serviette, Bogen Papier) fold

8. AGR. (Flachs, Hanf) break

1. (ist) break; Ast, Stock: snap; Arm, Bein, Knochen: break; Leder: crack (at the folds), rub; Seide: rub out in the folds, split, wear; zum Brechen voll umg. brechend III

2. (ist) fig. Stimme: break; Widerstand etc.: break down; beim Sterben: ihre Augen brachen lit. she passed away; jemandem bricht das Herz (bei etw.) s.o.’s heart is breaking (at the sight of s.th); es bricht mir das Herz, aber... iro. I’m sorry to have to tell you

3. (ist): brechen aus etw. (hervorkommen) burst out of s.th.; Tränen: pour from s.th.; brechen durch Eis, Mauer etc.: break ( stärker: crash) through; in die Knie brechen give up; die Sonne brach durch die Wolken the sun broke through the clouds; der Räuber brach aus dem Gebüsch the robber ( oder thief) came out from the bushes

4. (hat) umg. (sich übergeben) be sick, vomit, puke umg., vom umg., hurl umg.; ich muss brechen I have to be sick, I’m going to puke umg.

5. mit jemandem / etw. brechen break with s.o. / s.th., mit einer Gewohnheit brechen break with tradition; mit der Vergangenheit brechen break with the past; mit seiner Familie völlig brechen break (off) contact with one’s family

1. Wellen: sich brechen an (+ Dat) break on ( oder against); stärker: crash against

2. OPT., PHYS., Licht etc.: refract; das Licht bricht sich im Wasser (the) light refracts in water; das Echo bricht sich an der Felswand the echo rebounds from the cliff; gebrochen

* * *

(að), v. to saw, cut with a saw (krossinn var sagaðr í sundr).

(gen. sögu, pl. sögur), f.

1) what is said, statement (má vera, at sönn sé s. þín);

2) tale, story, history; segja, ríta sögu, to tell, write a story; hann kemr eigi við þessa sögu, he is not connected with this ‘saga’; vera ór sögunni, to be out of the story; vera í sögu, to be mentioned in a story; svá sem sögu, to be mentioned in a story; svá sem sögur eru til, as the story goes;

3) the events which gave rise to the story; hann var þá mjök hniginn á efra aldr, er sjá saga gørðist, when this came to pass;

4) tale, report (eigi veit ek um sögur slíkar, hvárt satt er).

* * *

u, f., gen. sögu, pl. sögur; gen. pl. sagna is rare; and in compds the gen. sing. sögu- is preferred, thus sögu-bók, sögu-fróðr, where sögu-is used in a collective sense; when gen. sagna- is used it is often to be regarded as borrowed from sögn, as in sagna-fróðr, sagna-meistari; sagna from saga, however, occurs in dæmi-sagna, Stj. 560; Orkneyinga-sagna, Ó. H. 90, l. 3 from the bottom: [from segja; cp. Engl. saw; Germ. sage.]

B. A story, tale, legend, history. The very word owes its origin to the fact that the first historical writings were founded on tradition only; the written record was a ‘saga’ or legend committed to writing; the story thus written was not even new, but had already taken shape and had been told to many generations under the same name; hence the written history and the story told were both alike called Saga, just as in Gr. both were called λόγος (Herod, i. 184, ii. 161, vi. 19). In some instances when history is mentioned by name it is difficult to say whether a told or written Saga be meant; the former seems to be the case, esp.in the Landnáma—þar hefsk saga Harðar Grímkels-sonar ok Geirs, Landn. 62; þar görðisk saga þeirra Þorbjarnar ok Hávarðar ens halta, 127; Vé-björn var víga-maðr mikill, ok er saga mikil frá honum, 150; þar af görðisk saga Ísfirðinga ok víg Þorbjarnar, id.; þar af görðisk saga Böðmóðs gerpis ok Grímólfs, 157; þar af görðisk Svarfdæla saga, 208; þar af görðisk Þorskfirðinga saga, 124; ok þar var Þórðr gellir leiddr í áðr hann tók mannvirðing, sem segir í sögu hans, 111. Some of these Sagas were perhaps never committed to writing; others not till a later date, when the tradition had deteriorated; but they were told and known by name at the time when the Landn. was first composed, see Safn i. 191. Written Sagas, again, are those recorded in later works,—ok getr hans í Laxdæla sögu, Eb. 334; sem segir í sögu Laxdæla, Grett. 15; sem segir í Bandamanna sögu, 22;. vísar svá til í sögu Bjarnar, 132; sem segir í sögu Njarðvíkinga, Ld. 296; sem í sögu Þorgils Höllu-sonar segir, 290; sem segir í Eyrbyggja sögu, Landn. (Kb.) 90; sem segir í sögu Eireks, Fms. ii. 214; sem segir í Vápnfirðinga sögu, 239; sem segir í Njáls sögu, Þorst. Síðu H. 170; ok nokkut vísar til í enum efra hlut sögu Hróks ens svarta, Sturl. i. 3 (lost): sem segir í sögu Ragnars konungs, Fas. i. 346, cp. 510; sem segir í Skjöldunga sögu, Yngl. S. ch. 33; sem segir í sögu Sigurðar hrings, Fas. iii. 216; í Ólafs sögu Tryggva sonar, 237; sem segir í Konunga sögum, as is said in the Lives of the Kings, 509, Jómsv. (1824) 52; sem segir í Jarla sögum, as is said in the Lives of the Earls (of Orkney), Fb. ii. 347; sem ritað es í sögu hans, Landn. 41, Eg. 589; hann kemr ok við Heiðarvíga sögu, Eb. 334.

2. phrases, hér hefr or hér lýkr N. M. Sögu, see hefja and lúka; hann kemr eigi við þessa sögu, he touches not the saga, is not connected with it, Grett. 22; or kemr hann við margar sögur, Eb. 334; hann er ór sögunni, he is out of the story, Nj. 22, 29, passim; or N. M. kemr til sögunnar, comes into the story; nú víkr sögunni til …, now the tale turns, to …, Nj. 6; þat er löng saga at segja frá, it is a long tale to tell, Fms. xi. 89; lesa sögu, to read a story, x. 371; er engin saga af honum, no record of him, Grett.; skal við sögu súpa en eigi of mikit drekka, Str.; svá sem sögur eru til, as the story goes, Fms. i. 7: saga also includes the events which gave rise to the tale, hence the phrase, er saga þessi görðisk, when this tale came to pass, Fs. 3, and above. Classical passages referring to the Icel. Saga writings: þat var meirr en tvau hundruð vetra tólfræð er Ísland var byggt, áðr menn tæki hér sögur at rita, Ó. H. (pref.); flestar allar sögur, þær er görzt höfðu á Íslandi áðr Brandr biskup Sæmundarson andaðisk, vóru ritaðar, en þær sögur er síðan hafa görzt vóru lítt ritaðar, áðr Sturla skúld Þórðarson sagði fyrir Íslendinga sögur, Sturl. i. 107 (Arna-Magn. No. 122 B, whence Cod. Brit. Mus.) Story-telling was one of the entertainments at public meetings in Icel., at feasts, weddings, wakes; this was called sagna-skemtan, cp. the banquet of Reykhólar, A. D. 1119; hann sagði sögu Orms Barreyjar-skálds ok vísur margar, Sturl. i. 23; dansleikr, glímur sagna-skemtan, id.; honum var kostr á boðinn hvat til gamans skyldi hafa, sögur eða dans, um kveldit, iii. 281; such entertainments are mentioned even at the meetings of the Icel. alþing, as also at Yule time, see the interesting record of the Icel. story-teller in Harald S. harðr. ch. 99 (Fms. vi. 354–356), see also Sturl. iii. 304, 305, Fbr. (Fb. ii. 210); Íngimundr var fræði-maðr mikill, ok fór vel með sögur, Sturl. i. 9; þar vóru mjök töfl uppi höfð ok sagna-skemtan, Þorf. Karl. ch. 7; hálf-sögð er saga hver er aðrir einir segja, i. e. ‘audiatur et altera pars,’ Bs. i. 582, (mod., það er ekki nema hálfsögð saga ef einn segir.)

II. tales, reports; eigi veit ek um sögur slíkar hvárt satt er, Nj. 259; jarteinir hans urðu ágætar ok fór sagan fyrir í hvert þorp, Blas. 41; seg heill sögu! Fms. vi. 207; er yðr þá eigi segjandz-saga til, Ó. H. 206; það verðr að segja svá hverja sögu sem hún gengr, a saying, every saga must be told as it happened:—sönn saga, a true story; skrök-saga, lygisaga, a fable; dæmi-saga, a parable; álfa-sögur, trolla-sögur, galdra-sögur, útilegu-manna sögur.

COMPDS: sögubók, sögubrot, söguefni, söguligr, Söguljóð, sögumaðr, sögumeistari, sögusögn, söguþáttr.

münd·lich [ʼmʏntlɪç] adj

oral;

eine \mündliche Prüfung an oral examination;

eine \mündliche Abmachung/ Übereinkunft/ Vereinbarung a verbal agreement;

eine \mündliche Besprechung a public meeting;

diese Tradition ist durch \mündliche Überlieferung auf uns übergegangen this tradition has been passed [down [or on] ] to us by word of mouth;

das M\mündliche ( fam) the oral ( fam), the oral examination;

eine \mündliche Verhandlung jur a[n oral] hearing [or trial], oral proceedings pl adv orally;

etw \mündlich abmachen/ vereinbaren to agree sth [or (Am) to sth] verbally;

\mündlich besprechen to discuss something in a meeting;

viele alte Volkslieder sind uns nur \mündlich überliefert worden many old folk songs have only been passed [down [or on] ] to us by word of mouth;

bitte informieren Sie mich \mündlich, wenn sich etwas ändern sollte please let me know if anything should [or were to] change;

der Fall wird \mündlich verhandelt the case will [now] be heard

* * *

(geng; gekk, gengum; genginn), v.

1) to walk (reið jarl, en Karkr gekk);

2) to go;

ganga heim, to go home;

ganga braut, to go away;

ganga til hvílu, to go to bed;

ganga á skip, to go on board;

ganga af skipi, to go ashore;

with infin., ganga sofa or at sofa, to go to sleep;

ganga at eiga konu, to marry a woman;

3) to go about grazing, to graze (kálfrinn gekk í túni um sumarit);

4) of a ship, to run, sail (gekk skipit brátt út á haf);

5) to stretch out, extend, project (nes mikit gekk í sæ út);

6) of report, tales, to be current (litlar sögur megu ganga af hesti mínum);

7) to prevail;

gekk þaðan af í Englandi Valska, thereafter the French tongue prevailed in E.;

8) of money, to be current (peningar þeir, sem nú ganga);

of laws, to be valid (þau lög, er gengu á Uppsalaþingi);

of sickness, plague, famine, to rage (þá gekk landfarsótt, drepsótt, hallæri);

9) to go on, last (gnustu þá saman vápnin, ok gekk þat um hríð);

impers., gekk því lengi, so it went on for a long while;

10) láta ganga e-t, to let go on;

láta höggin ganga, to rain blows;

Birkibeinar létu ganga lúðrana, blew the trumpets vigorously;

11) to succeed;

ef þat gengr eigi, if that will not do;

impers., svá þykt, at þeim gekk þar eigi at fara, so close, that they could not go on there;

þeim gekk ekki fyrir nesit, they could not clear the ness;

12) to turn out, go in a specified way;

ganga andæris, to go all wrong;

mart gengr verr en varir, many a thing goes worse than is looked for;

gekk þeim lítt atsókinn, they made little progress with the attack;

impers., e-m gengr vel (illa), one fares (goes on, gets on) well (badly);

13) with acc., ganga e-n á bak, to force one to go backwards (harm gengr bjöninn á bak);

14) with dat., to discharge (gekk bann þá blóði);

15) with preps. and adverbs:

ganga af e-u, to depart from, leave (þá gekk af honum móðrinn);

ganga af vitinu, to go out of one’s wits;

ganga af trú sinni, to apostatize;

to pass (síðan gengu af páskarnir);

to go off (gekk þegar af höfuðit);

to be left as surplus (þat er af skuldinni gekk);

nú gengr honum hey af, now he has some hay left;

ganga af sér, to go to extremities, to go beyond oneself (mjök ganga þeir fóstbrœðr nú af sé);

ganga aptr, to revert (return) to the former proprietor (síðan gengu þau lönd aptr undir Árna);

to be void, annulled (þá skal kaup aptr ganga);

of a ghost, to walk again; of a door, to close, shut (gekk eigi aptr hurðin);

ganga at e-m, to attack one;

ganga at e-u, to agree to, accept a choice or offer (Flosi gekk fljótt at þessu öllu); to fit (skaltu fá mér lukla þá, sem ganga at kistum yðrum);

ganga á e-t, to encroach upon (ganga á ríki e-s); to break (ganga á orð sín, eiða, grið, sættir, trygðir); to pierce, penetrate;

hann var í panzara, er ekki gekk á, that was proof against any weapons;

ganga á vald e-s or e-m, ganga á hönd (hendr) e-m, to submit to, give oneself up to, surrender to one;

ganga á bak e-u, to contravene;

ganga eptir e-u, to go for, go to fetch (göngum heim eptir verðinu); to pursue, claim;

ganga eptir, to prove true, be fulfilled (þetta gekk allt eptir, sem M. sagði fyrir);

ganga frá e-u, to part with, lose (sumir munu ganga frá öllu fénu);

ganga fram, to step forward;

ganga fram vel, to go forward bravely, in a battle;

to come to pass, come into execution (skal þess bíða, er þetta gengr fram);

to increase (fé Hall gerðar gekk fram ok gørðist allmikit);

to depart this life (H. bóndi gengr fram til frænda sinna);

ganga fyrir e-n, to present oneself before one (ganga fyrir konung);

ganga fyrir e-u, to take charge of, manage (var þar mart fólk, en húsbóndi gekk svá fyrir, at ekkert skorti); to yield to, be swayed by (hann gekk þá fyrir fortölum hennar);

ganga í gegn e-m, to set oneself against one;

ganga í gegn e-u, to confess, acknowledge;

maðr gengr í gegn, at á braut kveðst tekit hafa, the man confessed and said that he had taken it away;

ganga í mál, to undertake a case;

ganga með e-m (of a woman), to marry;

ganga með barni, to be with child;

ganga með burði (of animals), to be with young;

ganga með e-u, to assist in, plead (ganga með máli, bónorði);

ganga milli (á m., í m.), to go between, intercede;

ganga móti (á m., í m.) e-m, to go to meet one;

ganga móti e-u, to resist, oppose;

to confess, = ganga í gegn, ganga við e-u;

ganga nær e-m, to be troublesome to one (þótti hón œrit nær ganga Þórgerði);

ganga e-m nær, to approach, come near to one (sá hefir á brott komizt, er næst gekk Gunnari um alla hluti);

ganga saman, to marry;

of an agreement, bargain, to be brought about;

saman gekk kaupit með þeim, they came to a bargain;

ganga sundr (í s.), to go asunder, part;

ganga til, to go up to a thing (gangit til ok hyggit at); of the wind, to veer (veðrit gekk til útsuðrs);

e-m gengr e-t til e-s, one has some reason for doing a thing;

en þat gekk mér til þess (that was my reason), at ek ann þér eigi;

hversu hefir ykkr til gengit, how have you fared?

Loka gekk lítt til, it fared ill with L.;

ganga um e-t, to go about a thing;

ganga um beina, to wait upon guests;

ganga um sættir, to go between, as peacemaker;

ganga um e-n, to befall, happen to one (þess, er um margan gengr guma); of the wind, to go round, veer (gekk um veðrit ok styrmdi at þeim); to manage (fékk hón svá um gengit, at);

ganga undan, to escape to absent oneself;

g. undir e-t, to take upon oneself, undertake (a duty);

ganga undir e-n, to subject oneself to;

ganga upp, to be wasted (of money);

to get loose, to he torn loose (þeir glímdu svá at upp gengu stokkar allir á húsinu);

of a storm, gale, to get up, rise (veðr gekk upp);

of an ice-bound river, áin var gengin upp, swollen with ice;

ganga við staf, to walk with a stick;

ganga við e-u or e-t, to avow;

ganga yfir e-t, to go beyond, disregard (hann vildi eigi ganga yfir þat, er hann vissi réttast);

ganga yfir e-n, to overcome, to befall, happen to one;

slíkt sem yfir hefir gengit, all that has happened;

eitt skal yfir okkr ganga, we shall share one fate;

16) refl., gangast.

1) walking (hann mœddist í göngu);

vera í göngu, to be on foot, to walk;

2) course (ganga tungls, vinds).

* * *

pret. gekk or gékk, 2nd pers. gékkt, mod. gékst; pl. gengu, geingu, or géngu, and an old poët. gingu; gengengu in Vsp. 12 is a mere misspelling (vide Sæm. Möb. 258); pres. geng, pl. göngum; pret. subj. gengi (geingi); imperat. gakk and gakktú; with the neg. suffix geng-at, gengr-at, gékk-at, gakk-attu, passim; a middle form göngumk firr, go from me, Gm. 1: a contracted form gá occurs now and then in mod. hymns; it is not vernacular but borrowed from Germ. and Dan.: [cp. Ulf. gaggan; A. S. and Hel. gangan; Scot. and North. E. gang, mod. Engl. go; Dan.-Swed. gange or gå; Germ. gehen; Ivar Aasen ganga: Icel., Scots, and Norsemen have preserved the old ng, which in Germ. and Swed.-Dan. only remains in poetry or in a special sense, e. g. in Germ. compds.]

A. To go:

I. to walk; reið jarl en Karkr gékk, Fms. i. 210, Rm. 1, 2, 6, 14, 23, 24, 30, Edda 10, Grág. ii. 95, passim; ganga leiðar sinnar, to go one’s way, Fms. x. 290, Krók. 26: adding acc., g. alla leið, Fms. xi. 202, 299; g. berg, to climb a cliff; g. afréttar, to search the fell-pastures (fjallganga), Háv. 39; also g. ( to climb) í fjall, í kletta, Fms. x. 313: Icel. also say, ganga skó og sokka, to wear out shoes and socks; hann gékk tvenna skó; ganga berserks gang, q. v.

β. absol. to go a-begging, Grág. i. 226, 232, Ísl. ii. 25; ganga vergang, húsgang, id. (göngumaðr).

II. adding adverbs, infinitives, adjectives, or the like,

α. an adverb denoting direction; g. út ok inn, Vkv. 4, Lv. 26; g. inn, Fms. i. 16, vi. 33; g. út, to go out, Lat. exire, Nj. 194; g. aptr, to return, Fms. x. 352; g. fram, to step forward, Hm. 1, Eg. 165; g. upp, to go up, ashore; g. ofan, niðr, to go down; g. heiman, 199; g. heim, to go home; gakk hingat, come hither! 488; g. móti, í gegn e-m, to go against, to meet one; g. braut, to go away; g. til e-s, or at e-m, to go to one; g. frá e-m, to leave one; g. með e-m, to go with one; g. hjá, to pass by; g. saman, to go together; g. yfir, to go over; g. gegnum, to go through; g. undir, to go under; g. undan, fyrir, to go before; g. eptir, to go behind; g. um, to rove, stroll about, and so on passim; g. í sæti, to go to one’s seat, take a seat, Eg. 551; g. til hvílu, to go to bed, Nj. 201; g. til matar, to go to dinner, Sturl. iii. 111, Eg. 483; g. til vinnu, verks, to go to one’s work, cp. Hm. 58; g. í kirkju, to go to church, Rb. 82; g. á fjall, to go on the fells, Hrafn. 34; g. á skip, to go on board, Fms. x. 10; g. af skipi, to go ashore.

β. with infin., in old poems often dropping ‘at;’ ganga sofa, to go to sleep, Fm. 27; g. at sofa, Hm. 19; g. vega, to go to fight, Vsp. 56, Ls. 15; g. at eiga konu, to go to be married, Grág. i. 318.

γ. with an adj.; g. hræddr, to be afraid; g. úviss, to be in ignorance, etc., Fms. vii. 271, Sks. 250, 688.

2. in a more special sense; g. til einvígis, bardaga, to go to a duel, battle, Nj. 64; g. á hólm (hólmganga), Eg. 504, 506; g. á eintal, Nj. 103; g. til máls við e-n, to speak to one, Eg. 199, 764; g. í glímu, to go a-wrestling, Ísl. ii. 246; g. á fang, id., Ld. 206; g. í danz, to go a-dancing; g. til skripta, to go to shrift, Hom. 157; g. at brúðkaupi, to go to be married, Fms. vii. 278; g. í skóla, klaustr, to go to school, go into a cloister (as an inmate), (hence skóla-genginn, a school-man, scholar), Bs. passim; g. í þjónustu, to take service, Nj. 268; g. í lið með e-m, to enter one’s party, side with one, 100; g. í lög, to enter a league with one; g. ór lögum, to go out of a league, passim; g. í félag, ór félagi, id.; g. á mala, to take service as a soldier, 121; g. á hönd, g. til handa, to submit to one as a liegeman, surrender, Eg. 19, 33, Ó. H. 184, Fms. vii. 180; g. á vald e-m, to give oneself up, Nj. 267; g. á hendr e-m, to encroach upon, Ver. 56; g. í skuld, to bail, Grág. i. 232, Dipl. ii. 12; g. í trúnað, to warrant, Fms. xi. 356; g. til trygða, Nj. 166, and g. til griða, to accept truce, surrender, Fas. ii. 556; g. í mál, to enter, undertake a case, Nj. 31; g. í ánauð, to go into bondage, Eg. 8; g. til lands, jarðar, ríkis, arfs, to take possession of …, 118, Stj. 380, Grág., Fms. passim; g. til fréttar, to go to an oracle, take auspices, 625. 89; g. til Heljar, a phrase for to die, Fms. x. 414; g. nær, to go nigh, go close to, press hard on, Ld. 146, 322, Fms. xi. 240 (where reflex.); var sá viðr bæði mikill og góðr því at Þorkell gékk nær, Th. kept a close eye on it, Ld. 316.

B. Joined with prepp. and adverbs in a metaph. sense:—g. af, to depart from, go off; þá gékk af honum móðrinn ok sefaðisk hann, Edda 28; þá er af honum gékk hamremin, Eg. 125, Eb. 136, Stj. 118; g. af sér, to go out of or beyond oneself; mjök g. þeir svari-bræðr nú af sér, Fbr. 32; í móti Búa er hann gengr af sér ( rages) sem mest, Fb. i. 193; þá gékk mest af sér ranglæti manna um álnir, Bs. i. 135: so in the mod. phrases, g. fram af sér, to overstrain oneself; and g. af sér, to fall off, decay: to forsake, g. af trú, to apostatize, Fms. ii. 213; g. af vitinu, to go out of one’s wits, go mad, Post. 656 C. 31; g. af Guðs boðorðum, Stj. passim: to pass. Páskar g. af, Ld. 200: to be left as surplus (afgangr), Rb. 122, Grág. i. 411, K. Þ. K. 92:—g. aptr, to walk again, of a ghost (aptrganga), Ld. 58, Eb. 278, Fs. 131, 141, passim; and absol., g. um híbýli, to hunt, Landn. 107: to go back, be void, of a bargain, Gþl. 491:—g. at e-m, to go at, attack, Nj. 80, 160: to press on, Grág. i. 51, Dipl. ii. 19 (atgangr): g. at e-u, to accept a choice, Nj. 256; g. at máli, to assist, help, 207: to fit, of a key, lykla þá sem g. at kístum yðrum, Finnb. 234, Fbr. 46 new Ed., N. G. L. i. 383: medic. to ail, e-ð gengr at e-m; ok gengr at barni, and if the bairn ails, 340, freq. in mod. usage of ailment, grief, etc.:—g. á e-t, to go against, encroach upon; ganga á ríki e-s, Fms. i. 2; g. upp á, to tread upon, vii. 166; hverr maðr er ólofat gengr á mál þeirra, who trespasses against their measure, Grág. i. 3: to break, g. á orð, eiða, sættir, trygðir, grið, Finnb. 311, Fms. i. 189, Ld. 234; g. á bak e-u, to contravene, Ísl. ii. 382; ganga á, to go on with a thing, Grág. ii. 363; hence the mod. phrase, mikið gengr á, much going on; hvað gengr á, what is going on? það er farið að g. á það (of a task or work or of stores), it is far advanced, not much left:—g. eptir, to go after, pursue, claim (eptirgangr), Nj. 154, Þórð. 67, Fms. vii. 5; g. eptir e-m, to humour one who is cross, in the phrase, g. eptir e-m með grasið í skónum; vertu ekki að g. eptir stráknum; hann vill láta g. eptir ser (of a spoilt boy, cross fellow): to prove true, follow, hón mælti mart, en þó gékk þat sumt eptir, Nj. 194; eptir gékk þat er mér bauð hugr um, Eg. 21, Fms. x. 211:—g. fram, to go on well in a battle, Nj. 102, 235, Háv. 57 (framgangr): to speed, Nj. 150, Fms. xi. 427: to grow, increase (of stock), fé Hallgerðar gékk fram ok varð allmikit, Nj. 22; en er fram gékk mjök kvikfé Skallagríms, Eg. 136, Vígl. 38: to come to pass, skal þess bíða er þetta gengr fram, Nj. 102, Fms. xi. 22: to die, x. 422:—g. frá, to leave (a work) so and so; g. vel frá, to make good work; g. ílla frá, to make bad work; það er ílla frá því gengið, it is badly done:—g. fyrir, to go before, to yield to, to be swayed by a thing; heldr nú við hót, en ekki geng ek fyrir slíku, Fms. i. 305; þó at vér gangim heldr fyrir blíðu en stríðu, ii. 34, Fb. i. 378, Hom. 68; hvárki gékk hann fyrir blíðyrðum né ógnarmálum, Fms. x. 292; hann gékk þá fyrir fortülum hennar, Bs. i. 742: in mod. usage reflex., gangast fyrir íllu, góðu: to give away, tók hann þá at ganga fyrir, Fb. i. 530: Icel. now say, reflex., gangast fyrir, to fall off, from age or the like (vide fyrirgengiligr): to prevent, skal honum þá eigi fyrnska fyrir g., N. G. L. i. 249; þá er hann sekr þrem mörkum nema nauðsyn gangi fyrir, 14; at þeim gangi lögleg forföll fyrir, Gþl. 12:—g. í gegn, to go against, to meet, in mod. usage to deny, and so it seems to be in Gþl. 156; otherwise in old writers it always means the reverse, viz. to avow, confess; maðr gengr í gegn, at á braut kveðsk tekit hafa, the man confessed and said that he had taken it away, Ísl. ii. 331; ef maðr gengr í gegn legorðinu, Grág. i. 340; sá goði er í gegn gékk ( who acknowledged) þingfesti hans, 20; hann iðraðisk úráðs síns, ok gékk í gegn at hann hefði saklausan selt herra sinn, Sks. 584,—this agrees with the parallel phrase, g. við e-t, mod. g. við e-u, to confess, both in old and mod. usage, id.:—g. hjá, to pass by, to waive a thing, Fms. vi. 168:—g. með, to go with one, to wed, marry (only used of a woman, like Lat. nubere), þú hefir þvert tekit at g. með mér, Ld. 262, Sd. 170, Grág. i. 178, Þiðr. 209, Gkv. 2. 27, Fms. xi. 5: medic., g. með barni, to go with child, i. 57; with acc. (barn), Bs. i. 790, and so in mod. usage; a mother says, sama sumarið sem eg gékk með hann (hana) N. N., (meðgöngutími); but dat. in the phrase, vera með barni, to be with child; g. með burði, of animals, Sks. 50, Stj. 70; g. með máli, to assist, plead, Eg. 523, Fms. xi. 105, Eb. 210; g. með e-u, to confess [Dan. medgaae], Stj., but rare and not vernacular:—g. milli, to go between, intercede, esp. as a peacemaker, passim (milli-ganga, meðal-ganga):—g. í móti, to resist, Nj. 90, 159, 171: of the tide, en þar gékk í móti útfalls-straumr, Eg. 600:—g. saman, to go together, marry, Grág. i. 324, Fms. xi. 77: of a bargain, agreement, við þetta gékk saman sættin, Nj. 250; saman gékk kaupit með þeim, 259:—g. sundr, to go asunder, part, and of a bargain, to be broken off, passim:—g. til, to step out, come along; gangit til, ok blótið, 623. 59; gangit til, ok hyggit at, landsmenn, Fms. iv. 282: to offer oneself, to volunteer, Bs. i. 23, 24: the phrase, e-m gengr e-ð til e-s, to purpose, intend; en þat gékk mér til þess ( that was my reason) at ek ann þér eigi, etc., Ísl. ii. 269; sagði, at honum gékk ekki ótrúnaðr til þessa, Fms. x. 39; gékk Flosa þat til, at …, Nj. 178; gengr mér meirr þat til, at ek vilda firra vini mína vandræðum, Fms. ii. 171; mælgi gengr mér til, ‘tis that I have spoken too freely, Orkn. 469, Fms. vi. 373, vii. 258: to fare, hversu hefir ykkr til gengið, how have you fared? Grett. 48 new Ed.; Loka gékk lítt til, it fared ill with L., Fb. i. 276: mod., þat gékk svá til, it so happened, but not freq., as bera við is better, (tilgangr, intention):—g. um e-t, to go about a thing; g. um sættir, to go between, as peacemaker, Fms. v. 156; g. um beina, to attend guests, Nj. 50, passim: to manage, fékk hón svá um gengit, Grett. 197 new Ed.; hversu þér genguð um mitt góðs, 206: to spread over, in the phrase, má þat er um margan gengr; þess er um margan gengr guma, Hm. 93: to veer, go round, of the wind, gékk um veðrit ok styrmdi at þeim, the wind went round and a gale met them, Bs. i. 775:—g. undan, to go before, escape, Ver. 15, Fms. vii. 217, Blas. 49: to be lost, wasted, jafnmikit sem undan gékk af hans vanrækt, Gþl. 338: to absent oneself, eggjuðusk ok báðu engan undan g., Fms. x. 238:—g. undir, to undertake a duty, freq.: to set, of the sun, Rb. 468, Vígl. (in a verse): to go into one’s possession, power, Fms. vii. 207;—g. upp, to be wasted, of money, Fær. 39, Fms. ix. 354: of stones or earth-bound things, to get loose, be torn loose, þeir glímdu svá at upp gengu stokkar allir í húsinu, Landn. 185; flest gékk upp þat sem fyrir þeim varð, Háv. 40, Finnb. 248; ok gékk ór garðinum upp ( was rent loose) garðtorfa frosin, Eb. 190: to rise, yield, when summoned, Sturl. iii. 236: of a storm, gale, to get up, rise, veðr gékk upp at eins, Grett. 94, Bárð. 169; gengr upp stormr hinn sami, Bs. ii. 50: of an ice-bound river, to swell, áin var ákafliga mikil, vóru höfuðísar at báðum-megin, en gengin upp ( swoln with ice) eptir miðju, Ld. 46, Fbr. 20 new Ed., Bjarn. 52; vötnin upp gengin, Fbr. 114; áin var gengin upp ok íll yfirferðar, Grett. 134:—g. við, in the phrase, g. við staf, to go with a staff, rest on it: with dat., g. við e-u, to avow (vide ganga í gegn above):—g. yfir, to spread, prevail, áðr Kristnin gengi yfir, Fms. x. 273; hétu á heiðin goð til þess at þau léti eigi Kristnina g. yfir landit, Bs. i. 23: the phrase, láta eitt g. yfir báða, to let one fate go over both, to stand by one another for weal and woe; hefi ek því heitið honum at eitt skyldi g. yfir okkr bæði, Nj. 193, 201, 204, Gullþ. 8: so in the saying, má þat er yfir margan gengr, a common evil is easier to bear, Fbr. 45 new Ed. (vide um above); muntu nú verða at segja slíkt sem yfir hefir gengið, all that has happened, Fms. xi. 240; þess gengr ekki yfir þá at þeir vili þeim lengr þjóna, they will no longer serve them, come what may, Orkn. 84: to overrun, tyrannize over, þeir vóru ójafnaðar menn ok ganga þar yfir alla menn, Fms. x. 198 (yfirgangr): to transgress, Hom. 109: to overcome, þótti öllum mönnum sem hann mundi yfir allt g., Fms. vii. 326: a naut. term, to dash over, as spray, áfall svá mikit at yfir gékk þegar skipit, Bs. i. 422; hence the metaph. phrase, g. yfir e-n, to be astonished; það gengr yfir mig, it goes above me, I am astonished.

C. Used singly, of various things:

1. of cattle, horses, to graze (haga-gangr); segja menn at svín hans gengi á Svínanesi, en sauðir á Hjarðarnesi, Landn. 124, Eg. 711; kálfrinn óx skjótt ok gékk í túni um sumarit, Eb. 320; Freyfaxi gengr í dalnum fram, Hrafn. 6; þar var vanr at g. hafr um túnit, Nj. 62; þar var til grass (görs) at g., Ld. 96, Grág. passim; gangandi gripr, cattle, beasts, Bjarn. 22; ganganda fé, id., Sturl. i. 83, Band. 2, Ísl. ii. 401.

2. of shoals of fish, to go up, in a river or the like (fiski-ganga, -gengd); vötn er netnæmir fiskar g. í, Grág. i. 149; til landauðnar horfði í Ísafirði áðr fiskr gékk upp á Kvíarmiði, Sturl. ii. 177; fiskr er genginn inn ór álum, Bb. 3. 52.

3. of the sun, stars, vide B. above, (sólar-gangr hæstr, lengstr, and lægstr skemstr = the longest and shortest day); áðr sól gangi af Þingvelli, Grág. i. 24; því at þar gékk eigi sól af um skamdegi, Landn. 140, Rb. passim:—of a thunder-storm, þar gékk reiði-duna með eldingu, Fb. iii. 174:—of the tide, stream, water, vide B. above, eða gangi at vötn eða skriður, K. Þ. K. 78.

4. of a ship, gékk þá skipit mikit, Eg. 390, Fms. vi. 249; létu svá g. suðr fyrir landit, Eg. 78; lét svá g. suðr allt þar til er hann sigldi í Englands-haf, Ó. H. 149; réru nótt ok dag sem g. mátti, Eg. 88; gékk skipit brátt út á haf, Ó. H. 136.

β. to pass; kvað engi skip skyldi g. (go, pass) til Íslands þat sumar, Ld. 18.

II. metaph. to run out, stretch out, project, of a landscape or the like; gengr haf fyrir vestan ok þar af firðir stórir, Eg. 57; g. höf stór ór útsjánum inn í jörðina; haf (the Mediterranean) gengr af Njörva-sundum (the Straits of Gibraltar), Hkr. i. 5; nes mikit gékk í sæ út, Eg. 129, Nj. 261; í gegnum Danmörk gengr sjór (the Baltic) í Austrveg, A. A. 288; fyrir austan hafs-botn þann (Bothnia) er gengr til móts við Gandvík (the White Sea), Orkn. begin.: frá Bjarmalandi g. lönd til úbygða, A. A. 289; Europa gengr allt til endimarka Hispaniae, Stj. 83; öllum megin gengr at henni haf ok kringir um hana, 85; þessi þinghá gékk upp ( extended) um Skriðudal, Hrafn. 24: of houses, af fjósi gékk forskáli, Dropl. 28.

2. to spread, branch out; en af því tungurnar eru ólíkar hvár annarri, þær þegar, er ór einni ok hinni sömu hafa gengit eða greinzt, þá þarf ólíka stafi í at hafa, Skálda (Thorodd) 160: of a narrative, gengr þessi saga mest af Sverri konungi, this story goes forth from him, i. e. relates to, tells of him, Fb. ii. 533; litlar sögur megu g. af hesti mínum, Nj. 90; um fram alla menn Norræna þá er sögur g. frá, Fms. i. 81.

III. to take the lead, prevail; gékk þaðan af í Englandi Valska, thereafter (i. e. after the Conquest) the Welsh tongue prevailed in England, Ísl. ii. 221; ok þar allt sem Dönsk tunga gengi, Fms. xi. 19; meðan Dönsk tunga gengr, x. 179:—of money, to be current, hundrað aura þá er þá gengu í gjöld, Dropl. 16; eigi skulu álnar g. aðrar en þessar, Grág. i. 498; í þenna tíð gékk hér silfr í allar stórskuldir, 500, Fms. viii. 270; eptir því sem gengr ( the course) flestra manna í millum, Gþl. 352:—of laws, to be valid, ok var nær sem sín lög gengi í hverju fylki, Fms. iv. 18; Óðinn setti lög í landi sínu þau er gengit höfðu fyrr með Ásum, Hkr. i. 13; þeirra laga er gengu á Uppsala-þingi, Ó. H. 86; hér hefir Kristindóms-bálk þann er g. skal, N. G. L. i. 339; sá siðr er þá gékk, Fb. i. 71, (vide ganga yfir):—of sickness, plague, famine, to rage, þá gékk landfarsótt, bóla, drepsótt, hallæri, freq.; also impers., gékk því hallæri um allt Ísland, Bs. i. 184; mikit hallæri ok hart gékk yfir fólkið, 486, v. l.; gékk sóttin um haustið fyrir sunnan land; þá gékk mest plágan fyrri, Ann. 1402, 1403.

IV. to go on, last, in a bad sense, of an evil; tókst síðan bardagi, ok er hann hafði gengit um hríð, Fs. 48: impers., hefir þessu gengit ( it has gone on) marga manns-aldra, Fms. i. 282; gékk því lengi, so it went on a long while, Grett. 79 new Ed.; gékk þessu enn til dags, Nj. 272; ok gékk því um hríð, 201; ok gékk því allan þann dag, Fms. vii. 147; lát því g. í allt sumar, xi. 57; gengr þessu þar til er …, Fb. i. 258.

V. denoting violence; létu g. bæði grjót ok vápn, Eg. 261; létu þá hvárir-tveggju g. allt þat er til vápna höfðu, Fms. ix. 44; láta höggin g., to let it rain blows, Úlf. 12. 40; háðung, spottyrði, hróp ok brigzl hver lét með öðrum g. á víxl, Pass. 14. 3, (vápna-gangr); Birkibeinar róa þá eptir, ok létu g. lúðrana, and sounded violently the alarum, Fms. ix. 50, (lúðra-gangr); láta dæluna g., to pour out bad language, vide dæla.

VI. to be able to go on, to go, partly impers.; ef þat gengr eigi, if that will not do, Fms. vi. 284; svá þykt at þeim gékk þar ekki at fara, they stood so close that they could not proceed there, Nj. 247; þá nam þar við, gékk þá eigi lengra, there was a stop; then it could go no farther, Fms. xi. 278; leiddu þeir skipit upp eptir ánni, svá sem gékk, as far as the ship could go, as far as the river was navigable, Eg. 127: esp. as a naut. term, impers., e. g. þeim gékk ekki fyrir nesið, they could not clear the ness; þá gengr eigi lengra, ok fella þeir þá seglið, Bs. i. 423; at vestr gengi um Langanes, 485, v. l.

VII. with adverbs; g. létt, fljótt, to go smoothly; g. þungt, seint, to go slowly; oss munu öll vápna-viðskipti þungt g. við þá, Nj. 201; þungt g. oss nú málaferlin, 181; gékk þeim lítt atsóknin, Stj. 385; at þeim feðgum hefði þá allir hlutir léttast gengit, Bs. i. 274; seint gengr, Þórir, greizlan, Ó. H. 149; g. betr, verr, to get the better, the worse; gékk Ribbungum betr í fyrstu, Fms. ix. 313; gengu ekki mjök kaupin, the bargain did not go well, Nj. 157, cp. ganga til (B. above):—to turn out, hversu g. mundi orrostan, 273; gékk þá allt eptir því sem Hallr hafði sagt, 256; ef kviðir g. í hag sækjanda, if the verdict goes for the plaintiff, Grág. i. 87; þótti þetta mál hafa gengit at óskum, Dropl. 14; mart gengr verr en varir, a saying, Hm. 39; þykir honum nú at sýnu g. ( it seems to him evident) at hann hafi rétt hugsað, Fms. xi. 437; g. andæris, to go all wrong, Am. 14; g. misgöngum, to go amiss, Grág. i. 435; g. e-m í tauma, to turn false ( crooked); þat mun mér lítt í tauma g. er Rútr segir, Nj. 20; g. ofgangi, to go too high, Fms. vii. 269.

VIII. of a blow or the like; hafði gengit upp á miðjan fetann, the axe went in up to the middle of the blade, Nj. 209; gékk þegar á hol, 60; gékk í gegnum skjöldinn, 245, Fb. i. 530.

IX. of law; láta próf g., to make an enquiry; láta vátta g., to take evidence, D. N.

X. to be gone, be lost; gékk hér með holdit niðr at beini, the flesh was torn off, Fb. i. 530: esp. in pass. part. genginn, dead, gone, eptir genginn guma, Hm. 71; moldar-genginn, buried, Sl. 60; hel-genginn, 68; afli genginn, gone from strength, i. e. powerless, Skv. 3. 13.

β. gone, past; gengið er nú það görðist fyr, a ditty; mér er gengið heimsins hjól, gone for me is the world’s wheel ( luck), a ditty.

XI. used as transit. with acc.; hann gengr björninn á bak aptr, he broke the bear’s back in grappling with him, Finnb. 248; ok gengr hana á bak, ok brýtr í sundr í henni hrygginn, Fb. i. 530.

2. medic. with dat. to discharge; ganga blóði, to discharge blood (Dan. blodgang), Bs. i. 337, 383; Arius varð bráðdauðr ok gékk ór sér öllum iðrum, Ver. 47.

D. REFLEX.:

I. singly, gangask, to be altered, to change, be corrupted; gangask í munni, of tradition; var þat löng ævi, ok vant at sögurnar hefði eigi gengisk í munni, Ó. H. pref.; má því eigi þetta mál í munni gengisk hafa, Fb. ii. Sverr. S. pref.; ok mættim vér ráða um nokkut, at málit gengisk, that the case could miscarry, be lost, Glúm. 380:—láta gangask, to let pass. waive; lét Páll þá g. þá hluti er áðr höfðu í millum staðit, Sturl. i. 102; ef þú lætr eigi g. þat er ek kref þik, Fms. xi. 61.

2. e-m gengsk hugr við e-t, to change one’s mind, i. e. to be moved to compassion, yield; sótti hón þá svá at honum gékksk hugr við, Eb. 264; þá gékksk Þorgerði hugr við harma-tölur hans, Ld. 232; ok mun honum g. hugr við þat, svá at hann mun fyrirgefa þér, Gísl. 98; nú sem hann grét, gékksk Ísak hugr við, Stj. 167; er sendimaðr fann at Birni gékksk hugr við féit, Ó. H. 194; við slíkar fortölur hennar gékksk Einari hugr (E. was swayed) til ágirni, Orkn. 24.

II. with prepp. (cp. B. above); gangask at, to ‘go at it,’ engage in a fight; nú gangask þeir at fast, Dropl. 24, Ísl. ii. 267; gengusk menn at sveitum, of wrestlers, they wrestled one with another in sections (Dan. flokkevis), Glúm. 354; þeir gengusk at lengi, Finnb. 248:—gangask fyrir, vide B. above:—gangask í gegn, at móti, to stand against, fight against; at vér látim ok eigi þá ráða er mest vilja í gegn gangask (i. e. the extreme on each side), Íb. 12, cp. Fms. ii. 241; at þeir skipaði til um fylkingar sínar, hverjar sveitir móti skyldi g., i. e. to pair the combatants off, ix. 489; þeir risu upp ok gengusk at móti, Stj. 497. 2 Sam. ii. 15:—g. nær, to come to close quarters (Lat. cominus gerere), Nj. 176, Fms. xi. 240:—gangask á, to dash against one another, to split; á gengusk eiðar, the oaths were broken, Vsp. 30: to be squared off against one another, sú var görð þeirra, at á gengusk vígin húskarlanna, Rd. 288; ekki er annars getið en þeir léti þetta á gangask, i. e. they let it drop, Bjarn. 47; gangask fyrir, to fall off, Fms. iii. 255:—gangask við, to grow, gain strength; áðr en við gengisk hans bæn, before his prayer should be fulfilled, x. 258; ef þat er ætlað at trúa þessi skuli við g., Nj. 162; hétu þeir fast á guðin, at þau skyldi eigi láta við garrgask Kristniboð Ólafs konungs, Fms. ii. 32; þetta gékksk við um öll þau fylki, vii. 300; mikit gékksk Haraldr við (H. grew fast) um vöxt ok afl, Fb. i. 566; Eyvindr hafði mikið við gengizk um menntir, E. had much improved himself in good breeding, Hrafn. 24; vildi hann prófa hvárr þeirra meira hafði við gengisk, which of them had gained most strength, Grett. 107: to be in vogue, in a bad sense, ok löngum við gengisk öfund ok rangindi, Fms. i. 221, cp. Pass. 37. 7:—gangask ór stað, to be removed, Fms. xi. 107.

III. in the phrase, e-m gengsk vel, ílla, it goes well, ill with one, Hom. 168, Am. 53; ílls gengsk þér aldri, nema …, the evil will never leave thee, thou wilt never be happy, unless …, 65.

or -AT or -T, a negative suffix to verbs, peculiar to Iceland and a part, at least, of Norway. Occurs frequently in old Icelandic poetry and laws, so as almost to form a complete negative voice. In the 1st pers. a personal pronoun k (g) = ek is inserted before the negative suffix, in the 2nd pers. a t or tt. As a rule the pron. as thus repeated; má-k-at-ek, non possum; sé-k-at-ek, non video; hef-k-at-ek, non habeo; skal-k-at-ek; vil-k-at-ek, nolo; mon-k-at-ek, non ero, etc.: 2nd pers. skal-t-at-tu; mon-t-at-tu; gaf-t-at-tu, non dabas: and after a long vowel a tt, mátt-at-tu, sátt-at-tu; so almost invariably in all monosyllabic verbal forms; but not so in bisyllabic ones, máttir-a-þú, non poteras: yet in some instances in the 1st pers. a pronominal g is inserted, e. g. bjargi-g-a-k, verbally servem ego non ego; höggvi-g-a-k, non cædam; stöðvi-g-a-k, quin sistam; vildi-g-a-k, nolui; hafði-g-a-k, non babui; mátti-g-a-k, non potui; görði-g-a-k, non feci: if the verb has gg as final radical consonants, they change into kk, e. g. þikk-at-ek = þigg-k-at-ek, nolo accipere. In the 3rd pers. a and at or t are used indifferently, t being particularly suffixed to bisyllabic verbal flexions ending in a vowel, in order to avoid an hiatus,—skal-at or skal-a, non erit; but skolo-t, non sunto: forms with an hiatus, however, occur,—bíti-a, non mordat; renni-a, ne currat; skríði-a, id.; leti-a, ne retardet; væri-a, ne esset; urðu-a, non erant; but bíti-t, renni-t, skríði-t, urðu-t are more current forms: v. Lex. Poët. The negative suffix is almost peculiar to indic., conj., and imperat. moods; the neg. infin. hardly occurs. Nothing analogous to this form is to be found in any South-Teutonic idiom; neither do there remain any traces of its having been used in Sweden or Denmark. A single exception is the Runic verse on a stone monument in Öland, an old Danish province, now Swedish, where however the inscriptions may proceed from a Norse or Icel. hand. The Runic inscriptions run thus, sa’r aigi flo, who did not fly, old Icel. ‘flo-at,’ Baut. 1169. Neither does it occur in any Norse prose monuments (laws): but its use may yet be inferred from its occurrence in Norse poets of the 10th century, e. g. the poets Eyvind and Thiodolf; some of which instances, however, may be due to their being transmitted through Icel. oral tradition. In Bragi Gamli (9th century) it occurs twice or thrice; in the Haustlöng four times, in Ynglingatal four times, in Hákonarmál once (all Norse poems of the 10th century). In Icel. the suffixed negation was in full force through the whole of the 10th century. A slight difference in idioms, however, may be observed: Völuspá, e. g., prefers the negation by né (using vas-at only once, verse 3). In the old Hávamal the suffix abounds (being used thirty-five times), see the verses 6, 10, 11, 18, 26, 29, 30, 34, 37–39, 49, 51, 52, 68, 74, 88, 113–115, 126–128, 130, 134, 136, 147, 149, 151, 153, 159. In Skírnismál, Harbarðsljóð, Lokasenna—all these poems probably composed by the same author, and not before the 10th century—about thirty times, viz. Hbl. 3, 4, 8, 14, 26, 35, 56; Skm. 5, 18, 22; Ls. 15, 16, 18, 25, 28, 30, 36, 42, 47, 49, 56, 60, 62. Egil (born circa 900, died circa 990) abounds in the use of the suffixed neg. (he most commonly avails himself of -at, -gi, or né): so, too, does Hallfred (born circa 968, died 1008), Einar Skálaglam in Vellekla (circa 940–995), and Thorarin in the Máhlíðingavísur (composed in the year 981); and in the few epigrams relating to the introduction of Christianity in Icel. (995–1000) there occur mon-k-að-ek, tek-k-at-ek, vil-k-at-ek, hlífði-t, mon-a, es-a; cp. the Kristni S. and Njala. From this time, however, its use becomes more rare. Sighvat (born circa 995, died 1040) still makes a frequent but not exclusive use of it. Subsequent poets use it now and then as an epic form, until it disappeared almost entirely in poetry at the middle or end of the 13th century. In the Sólarljóð there is not a single instance. The verses of some of our Sagas are probably later than the Sagas themselves; the greatest part of the Völsungakviður are scarcely older than the 11th century. In all these -at and conj. eigi are used indifferently. In prose the laws continued to employ the old forms long after they were abolished in common prose. The suffixed verbal negation was used,

α. in the delivering of the oath in the Icel. Courts, esp. the Fifth Court, instituted about the year 1004; and it seems to have been used through the whole of the Icel. Commonwealth (till the year 1272). The oath of the Fifth (High) Court, as preserved in the Grágás, runs in the 1st pers., hefka ek fé borit í dóm þenna til liðs mér um sök þessa, ok ek monka bjóða, hefka ek fundit, ok monka ek finna, hvárki til laga né ólaga, p. 79; and again p. 81, only different as to ek hefka, ek monka (new Ed.): 3rd pers., hefirat hann fé; borit í dóm þenna ok monat hann bjóða, ok hefirat hann fundit, ok monat hann tinna, 80, 81; cp. also 82, and Nj. l. c. ch. 145, where it is interesting to observe that the author confounds the ist and 3rd persons, a sign of decay in grammatical form.

β. the Speaker (lögsögumaðr), in publicly reciting and explaining the law, and speaking in the name of the law, from the Hill of Laws (lögberg), frequently employed the old form, esp. in the legal words of command es and skal (yet seldom in plur.): erat in the dictatorial phrases, erat skyldr (skylt), non esto obligatus; erat landeigandi skyldr, Grág. (Kb.) i. 17; erat hinn skyldr, 21; yngri maðr era skyldr at fasta, 35; enda erat honum þá skylt at …, 48; erat þat sakar spell, 127; era hinn þá skyldr at lýsa, 154; erat hann framar skyldr sakráða, 216; ok erat hann skyldr at ábyrgjask þat fé, 238; ok erat hann skyldr, id.; ok erat sakar aðili ella skyldr, ii. 74; erat hinn skyldr við at taka, 142; erat manni skylt at taka búfé, 143; enda erat heimting til fjár þess, 169; era hann þá skyldr at taka við í öðru fé nema hann vili, 209; ok erat þeim skylt at tíunda fé sitt, 211; ok erat hann skyldr at gjalda tíund af því, 212; erat kirkjudrottinn þá skyldr, 228; ef hann erat landeigandi, i. 136. Skalat: skalat maðr eiga fó óborit, i. 23; skalat homum þat verða optar en um siun, 55; skalat maðr ryðja við sjálfan sik, 62; skalat hann þat svá dvelja, 68; skalat hann til véfangs ganga, 71; skalat aðilja í stefnuvætti hafa, 127; ok skala hann gjalda fyrir þat, 135; ok skalat hann með sök fara, 171; enda skalat hann fleirum baugum bœta, 199; skalat hann skilja félagit, 240; skalat hann meiri skuld eiga en, ii. 4; skalat þeim meðan á brott skipta, 5; skalat hann lögvillr verða, svá, 34; skalat hon at heldr varðveita þat fé, 59; í skalat enn sami maðr þar lengr vera, 71; ok skala honum bæta þat, 79; skalat fyl telja, 89; skalat hann banna fiskför, 123; skalat hann lóga fé því á engi veg, 158; skalat drepa þá menn, 167; skalat svá skipta manneldi, 173; skalat maðr reiðast við fjórðungi vísu, 183. Plur.: skolut menn andvitni bera ok hér á þingi, i. 68; skolut mál hans standast, 71; skolut þeir færi til vefangs ganga en, 75, etc. etc. Other instances are rare: tekrat þar fé er eigi er til (a proverb), i. 9; ok um telrat þat til sakbóta, ok of telrat þá til sakbóta ( it does not count), 178; ef hann villat ( will not) lýsa sár sitt, 51; ok ræðrat hann öðrum mönnum á hendr þann úmaga, 248; ræðrat sá sínum ómögum á hendr, ii. 18; verðrat honum at sakarspelli and verðrat honum þat at s., i. 63; verðrat honum þat at sakarvörn, 149; kömrat hann öðru við, ii. 141; þarfat hann bíða til þess, i. 70; ok skilrat hann frá aðra aura, ii. 141, i. 136. Reflexive form: kömskat hann til heimtingar um þat fé, he loses the claim to the money, ii. 180, etc. All these instances are taken from the Kb. (Ed. 1853). Remarkable is also the ambiguity in the oath of Glum (see Sir Edm. Head, Viga-Glum, pp. 102, 103, note, I. c.), who, instead of the plain common formal oath—vask-at-ek þar, vák-at-ek þar, rauðk-at-ek þar odd ok egg—said, vask at þar, vák at þar, rauðk at þar. He inverted the sense by dropping the intermediate pronominal ek between the verb and þar, and pronouncing ‒ ‒́ instead of ‒́ ⏑. It further occurs in some few proverbs: varat af vöru, sleikði um þvöru, Fs. 159; veldrat sá er varir, Nj. 61 (now commonly ekki veldr sá er v., so in Grett.); erat héra at borgnara þótt hœna beri skjöld, Fms. vii. 116; era hlums vant kvað refr, dró hörpu á ísi, 19: also in some phrases, referred to as verba ipsissima from the heathen age—erat vinum líft Ingimundar, Fs. 39; erat sjá draumr minni, Ld. 128. Thorodd employs it twice or thrice: því at ek sékk-a þess meiri þörf, because í do not see any more reason for this, Skálda 167; kannka ek til þess meiri ráð en lítil, I do not know, id.; mona ( will not) mín móna ( my mammy) við mik göra verst hjóna, 163. In sacred translations of the 12th century it occurs now and then. In the Homilies and Dialogues of Gregory the Great: monatþu í því flóði verða, thou shalt not; esa þat undarligt þótt, it is not to be wondered at; hann máttia sofna, he could not sleep; moncaþ ek banna, I shall not mind, Greg. 51, 53; vasal kall heyrt á strætum, was not, Post. 645. 84; nú mona fríðir menn hér koma, Niðrst. 623. 7. In later writers as an archaism; a few times in the Al. (MS. A. M. 519), 3, 5, 6, 44, 108; and about as many times in the MS. Eirspennill (A. M. 47, fol.) [Etymon uncertain; that at is the right form may be inferred from the assimilation in at-tu, and the anastrophe in t, though the reason for the frequent dropping of the t is still unexplained. The coincidence with the Scottish dinna, canna is quite accidental.]

Be·sche·rung <-, -en> f

giving of Christmas presents;

kommt, Kinder, die \Bescherung fängt an! come on, children, it's time for the presents!

die [ganze] \Bescherung (] \Bescherung) ( fam) the [whole] lot [or mess];

[das ist ja] eine schöne \Bescherung! (öne \Bescherung!) this is a pretty kettle of fish! ( iron), what a fine mess! ( iron)

da/jetzt haben wir die \Bescherung! well, that's just great! [or terrific] ( iron), well, there you are! haven't I told you!

On Christmas Eve (24th December) presents are placed under the Christmas tree in preparation for them to be given out, a tradition known as the Bescherung. In many families the children are allowed to unwrap their presents after Christmas dinner, following a visit by the Christkind - Father Christmas.